albumin-creatine ratio (uACR) >30mg/g < 60 GFR mL/min/1.73 m2 Prevalence and Incidence of Undetected CKD CKD is characterized by kidney damage, which can be defined as albuminuria (typically a urinary albuminto-creatinine ratio (uACR) >30 mg/g) or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m², that is present for more than three months.3-Epidemiology and prognosis, Fig 3 CKD affects 8% to 16% of the global population. The average annual decline in GFR across the general U.S. population is approximately 1 mL/min/1.73 m2, which carries >50% lifetime risk of GFR<60 mL/ min/1.73m2.5-Review, Chronic kidney disease Due to the lack of symptoms in the early stages, testing may be the only way to know if a patient has kidney disease. 10 The hallmarks of CKD, albuminuria and low GFR, are associated with progressive increases in the risk of major atherosclerotic cardiovascular and HF events and with cardiovascular death.4-The current scientific understanding of CKM syndrome The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD staging system uses eGFR and albuminuria to assess risk for CKD progression, CVD events and overall mortality.4-Evidence supporting CKM-related screening In clinical practice, CKD is typically evaluated using two lab tests widely available, eGFR and uACR.7-Fig3, Practice Point 1.1.1.1 CKD is present when reduced eGFR or increased uACR is confirmed on two or more occasions at least three months apart.1-Results Higher levels of albuminuria indicate increased risk for mortality independent of eGFR.3Epidemiology and prognosis
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